Instruction on how to Write an Essay (Two Possible Career Choices)

In this task, understudies will dissect two potential profession decisions based on their personal preference, and afterward compose a formal systematic report adequately introducing a proposal to seek after one of the vocations. This task has two sections: Part one, the Table of Contents and Introductory Section, is expected toward the finish of week 6. Section two, the report completely, is expected toward the finish of week 8. Understudies are urged to start take a shot at this venture no later than week 5, perusing the undertaking headings, perusing Chapters 13, 14, and 15, and, if time licenses, doing primer research.Formal Report Topic This task depends on you picking two potential vocation decisions you would prescribe to a representative, customer or expert contact. Here’s the circumstance: You are to pick two potential vocation decisions. Your report ought to incorporate the accompanying: Information and foundation about your two vocation decisions. Exploration from i n any event six dependable sources to advise your crowd and to help the recommendation(s) APA references for all investigated data (in-text incidental references and a reference list toward the finish of the report) Formal report formattingYou should direct outside examination and refer to your sources utilizing APA references. Finish up the conventional report by making proposals to your crowd. Your report MUST be organized as a formal report.Part One (Due Week 6) Table of Contents and Introduction Your task this week is to compose your formal report’s chapter by chapter guide and presentation, utilizing formal arranging. To finish this task, you should have a decent arrangement set up for your conventional report. I urge you to utilize the three-advance procedure we’ve been considering this meeting. (Theâ formal report is expected completely toward the finish of week 8. In week 6, just the list of chapters and presentation are due.)In week 6, your task ought to inco rporate the following:A list of chapters utilizing formal report organizing. (Note that page numbers are redundant this week, as you won't have composed the real report yet. Page numbers ought to be included one week from now, however, when you complete the report.) The list of chapters ought to incorporate first-and second-level headings, similar to the model on page 437 in section 15. Incorporate a basic area including the accompanying four sections (see page 439 in part 15 for an example.IntroductionPurpose, Scope, and Limitations Sources and Methods Report Organization Identify at any rate six solid sources you will use in your proposition in the â€Å"Sources and Methods† segment. Utilize formal report organizing. Be liberated from language structure, spelling, and accentuation errors.Part Two (Due Week 8) Formal Report in Full In week 6, you arranged the proper report and composed the Table of Contents and Introduction. In week 8, you will finish the conventional report . (You may need to amend the Table of Contents and Introduction, in light of the input you get from your educator.) In week 8, your task ought to contain the following:Be arranged as a conventional report, following the rules for formal reports in the content (counting the rules for headings and subheadings found on pages 435-448); Include fitting prefatory, text, and supplemental parts (The proper report ought to contain suitable prefatory, text, and supplemental parts, including the accompanying: a spread as well as cover sheet; a letter of transmittal; a chapter by chapter list; the four-section Introductory Section from week 6; fittingly marked body areas; and indeces, for example, the customer meeting and rundown of references. Your report does notâ need to contain these parts, however ought to contain the greater part of them.); Fully answer the subject of what vocation would you prescribe to a representative, customer or expert contact.The word mean the introduction, body, a nd end ought to be 1250-1750 words); Use at any rate six tenable investigated sources fittingly and viably; Include legitimate documentation utilizing APA style (both in-text and end-of-text citationsâ€please check your work utilizing turnitin.com); and Be liberated from spelling, language, and accentuation errors.Note: Visual guides are altogether proper for this sort of report, yet they are not required. On the off chance that you choose to utilize visual guides, be sure to stick to the gauges we have concentrated beforehand in this course.How the Formal Report Assignment is Graded The Formal Report Assignment will be reviewed by the models set out in the Rubrics for a considerable length of time 6 and 7/8, situated in Doc Sharing.

The Wonders of Planet Earth

‘The interminable pattern of progress which has made the essence of the Earth, with all its rough and Fascinating assortment as a rule happens too gradually to be in any way taken note. Yet, once in a while it is quick and Violent. Volcanoes vomit liquid magma, quakes tear open the scene, avalanches, divert Whole mountainsides. At that point individuals become mindful of the marvelous powers that are forming Their planet. These powers are fuelled by three ground-breaking wellsprings of vitality †heat from inside the Earth, heat from the Sun, and the power of gravity.Every landform on the planet has been molded by these ttu. ee vitality sources. ‘the landmasses that float over the outside of the globe, setting off volcanoes and seismic tremors and Building mountains. are driven by heat from the Earth's inside which has a temperature of about 5000†³C (9000'F). The majority of this warmth is made by the breakdown of radioactive components. Earth is exceptional amon g the planets of the Solar System in having fluid water on a superficial level and water has a significant job in forming the planet.The warmth of the Sun dissipates water from oceans and lakes. The fume rises and gathers to frame mists and afterward falls again as downpour and day off. It is then that its finishing powers start, enduring rocks and washing ceaselessly the free material. or on the other hand granulating down the scene under the intensity of an icy mass. The Sun's warmth additionally delivers the downpour and the waves that scour the land. The third power †gravity †causes the tides, which snack away at the edges of mainlands, and avalanches. hich change the state of mountains. Affected by gravity. downpour works its path downwards as streams and waterways, cutting the landscape. On its excursion, it conveys sections of rock and sand to be saved on the sea floor. Furthermore, more than a large number of years more stone which may then be locked and lifted in by development of the Earth's outside layer to frame new mountains. {source: Readers Digest, Discovering the Wonders of our World A manual for natures Sciences marvels]

Designing a Calculator with FSM Logic

Designing a Calculator with FSM Logic My friend Robert V. 20 is a Course 6-3 (Computer Science) sophomore, the MIT African Students Associations webmaster, and has TAd an interesting IAP class called 6.148, a web development class and competition. Hes a really smart guy, and I found out about this cool post he put up on Medium and asked if I could reformat it and post it to the blogs. Robert is passionate about web design and development, and is also really great at teaching. Hes always the first person that many of our Course 6 freshman friends reach out to for help in their introductory courses. Robert lives in Maseeh Hall, was born in Goma and grew up in Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. I hope you enjoy his post as much as I did!   As far as I can tell, making a calculator is a classic first time programmer’s challenge. So, as I was helping some of my fellow underclassmen learn web dev, I suggested making a calculator! For best practice purposes, I also suggested starting off with brainstorming: First, we design how this calculator is going to work, Then, we can implement code for this, And finally, we can make it pretty As we were brainstorming, we naturally through that a coherent design logic for our calculator would be a finite state machine (FSM)! WAIT. What’s a Finite State Machine (FSM)? NOTE: If you’re familiar with FSMs, you can skip this section entirely. An FSM is a mathematical objects made of states, state transitions, and inputs. FSMs are widely used in computer science and engineering to model the behaviors of machines. At any given time, an FSM has one state and can receive inputs. Based on those inputs, the FSM can change both state (through state transitions) and interval variables of the FSM. HERE’S AN EXAMPLE: The state machine of the human body. A very simplified human body has 2 states: hungry and full. When humans are hungry, they need food in order to get back to being in the full state, and at the same time, they may become happy  when they get food. Becoming happy in this case would be an internal variable of the state machine, and eating would be an input. Then, humans use all their energy (the other input) which makes them hungry again. They could become SAD too. So, inputs essentially lead to state change in a state machine. Here’s what this simple human body state machine would look like when graphically represented: Ok, let me show you another example! You’re about to see an FSM that you’re very familiar with but that was just never called an FSM: the state of matter. Right, isn’t that cool? We learn this in high school, but they never call it that way. Anyway, this state machine has 4 states: PLASMA, GAS, SOLID, LIQUID. There are transitions from states to states, which are inputs that are either caused by nature or by humans. Internal states of this state machines could be, for example, the boiling temperature of the given matter, the name of the given matter, etc. Why Are (Finite) State Machines Important? They provide us with a very systematic way of modelling anything that can happen in real life (such as state of matter). Based on state machines, we can easily use mathematics to derive both properties of those machines. State machines are widely used in probabilistic applications, such as modelling the motion of a robot looking for a reward located somewhere the robot does not know using Markov Random Process (which is also a subset of state machines). State machines also allow to naturally and easily expand our model (both through the design and through code). For example, in the human body, we could add another state, not full / not hungry, where the human person could be feeling meh. To add that, we simple create a new state and add some transitions to it. Of course, there are times when other models are better, but state machines work best for certain kinds of applications. Finally, if you’re more interested, here’s an article on embeddedrelated.com by Jason Sacks that goes over a lot more details that I did. If you find this interesting, you will love that article. Back to Calculators Later on, we decided to use the iPhone’s calculator to identify all the possible states in our calculator state machine simply by playing around doing multiple arithmetic computations. And… It quickly turned out to be much more complicated than I thought. Here’s some thought to not using a state machine: Designing a calculator without thinking about all the state machine’s logic is very simple. It works well for most operations, and noticing the imperfections in it can be subtle. However, there are operations that simply do not work well, such as 2 + 4 * 2, which in reality is 2 + (4 * 2) = 10 and can be erroneously evaluated as (2 + 4) * 2 = 12. Another way to design a calculator is one where the user can input expressions, such as 3 * 4, which can be easily evaluated with functions like eval. Not that I am not suggesting using eval (it’s know to be a bad practice); it’s just a quick solution that could help quickly get down to implementing all the UI for the calculator. However, nicely designing a calculator with a correct finite state machine is not that easy. Nevertheless, I decided to pursue this interesting challenge, and this is what I came up with: That looks quite complicated. Let me explain. Note: if you’d like to skip to the end, I posted JavaScript gist code snippet that implements this. The main idea behind a simple calculator is that we receive inputs, and based on those inputs, we make some operations, and if needed, we change the output display on the screen. Inputs may be: numbers (one of 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,.. note that I included the . as a “number”), operations (one of +,-,*,/), equality (i.e. =), or reset (could be C or AC on iPhone. One of them is clear which is same as clear entry and the other is clear all). Then, we can denote the inputs as follows: Operations are OP  for +,-,*,/, OPS for +,-, and OPC for *,/. C for complex, S for simple. Equality is just =. Input numbers may be one of fk, sk, or tk. The k actually stands for the new input’s index for numbers such that a number is a sequence of digit characters f0,f1,f2,,fk-1, and the input makes the number become f0,f1,,fk. For example, in 123, f0=1, f1=2, f2=3 and k-1=2. The input f3=4 will change that number into 1234. The reset button is RES. This is like pressing AC or C on your iPhone’s calculator. Next, I designed the underlying structure of the calculator as blocks of the form: |---|-----|---|-----|---| | F | OP1 | S | OP2 | T | |---|-----|---|-----|---| F stands for “first” as in “first number” OP1 is the first operation S is stands for “second” as in “second number” OP2 is the second operation, and finally T stands for “trailing” as in “trailing number”. By now, you can probably imagine that we’d be doing operations against the first and second number and against the second number against the trailing number, but how are the operations actually made, what do each of those blocks actually mean, and where does the result get stored? Let me explain all of it! The State Logic What we need is to identify all the possible states for this FSM. This is the difficult part. I learned here that this type of calculators try to make the most logical assumption while respecting the rules of mathematics, and it can be beautifully describes with only 7 states! Before diving into these 7 states, first, here’s what the state parameters in a state represent: F - the value of the first number OP1 - the operation between the first and second number S - the value of the second number OP2 - the operation between the second number and trailing number T - the value of the trailing number D - what is displayed on the screen; it can be one of F, S, and T The inputs that I listed above are what will lead to various state transitions. Now, onto the states: STATE 1: INITIAL State So, the initial state looks like: F: 0 OP1: + S: 0 OP2: + T: 0 D: F This is the state we start off with. There’s nothing interesting, and the values that we start with are just zeros and + operations. Pressing RES will take us back to the initial state: it essentially has no effect. YES, self loops are allowed in FSMs. Pressing any number, denoted by fk (which must be equal to f0 for this input coming from the INITIAL state) will take us to the TRANSITION FROM INITIAL state. I will talk about that state next. The number is denoted with lowercase f because it will be filled into the first number F. Note that adding numbers into other blocks will then have to either be sk or tk for block S and block T respectively. Finally, pressing any operation OP will take us to the TRANSITION state. Note that this will change OP1 to become OP, whatever OP may be among +,-,*,/. This state is upcoming as well. STATE 2: TRANSITION FROM INITIAL Let me point out that my naming convention here is a bit weird, but I tried my best to give these states meaningful names. Without further ado, this state looks like this: F: f0...fk-1 OP1: ~OP1 S: ~S OP2: ~OP2 T: ~T D: F Some things to note: I use the ~ notation to denote that the value of this key is whatever the given state key was before (not that it could be that the state key does not match state key, e.g.: S: ~F). Some later states will cause these values to change and not be + or 0 as in the initial state. So, anyway: Pressing RES will take us to TRANSITION FROM INITIAL state (i.e. back to here) if F is not equal to 0. It will clear F (i.e. set it to 0). Pressing RES will take us back to INITIAL state if F = 0. This means all parameters become what they used to be. i.e. F=0, OP1=+, S=0, D=F, OP2=+, T=0. I will show why this is important at the end. Pressing any number fk will take us back to this same state, TRANSITION FROM INITIAL and simply append fk to f0fk-1. Pressing the = sign will take us to the EQUAL state. Through this, it will make the evaluation (F) OP1 (S) and place the result in the F block when it reaches the equal state. Finally, pressing any operation OP will take us to the TRANSITION state. Note that this will change OP1 to become OP, whatever OP may be among +,-,*,/. This will also duplicate F into S. STATE 3: TRANSITION If you go back to the visual, you will notice that this state is the most frequented state (i.e. has the most arrows coming into it). EQUAL is the second most frequented. Anyway, this state looks like: F: ~F OP1: OP S: ~F OP2: ~OP2 T: ~T D: F Note that to reach this state, one must press an operation OP; that is the value that OP1 takes! There’s also something funny that happens here: the value of F gets duplicated into S. This is an optimization that was made by the iPhone. It’s a design decision that did not have to happen but works very well. Let’s say you press 3 then *. Then, what happens if you press = ? Do you get a zero because you didn’t type the second number? With this design decision, you’d get a 9 because we assume that you meant 3 * 3. I think it’s cool that they thought of this! Then, pressing any OP leads us back to this state. It simply changes the operation to the new one. Pressing = evaluates (F) OP1 (S) and places the result in F. Then, it takes us to the EQUAL state. Note that when it takes us to the equal state, both OP and S and every other parameters of the state remain unchanged. This is also cool. Do you see why? Maybe it’ll be more obvious once we get into the EQUAL state. Pressing RES takes us back to TRANSITION FROM INITIAL. On the way to it, it removes all the values in F and replaces it with 0. All the other parameters remain unchanged. Finally, pressing another number sk takes us to the TRANSITION FROM TRANSITION state. As you can imagine, this changes the value of S. Note that as coming from TRANSITION, sk = s0 (the very first index of the second number regardless of what S currently is, it will overwrite it). STATE 4: TRANSITION FROM TRANSITION (That naming though… Sigh) This state is interesting. It looks like this: F: ~F OP1: ~OP1 S: s0...sk-1 OP2: ~OP2 T: ~T D: S You can probably note that the display has now changed from F to S. Now, we’re displaying the second number! Pressing sk takes us back to this same state, it just appends sk to S so that it now becomes s0sk. Pressing = takes us to the EQUAL state. Again, it will evaluate (F) OP1 (S) and place the result in F and also keep all other parameters unchanged. Pressing RES takes us back to TRANSITION FROM TRANSITION if S is not equal to 0. This will clear S and replaces it with 0. Pressing RES when S = 0 will take us back to INITIAL. This means that everything will get back to what it started off with. Finally, pressing OP is the interesting case. There is actually two possible cases here: If we press OPS, we evaluate the expression (F) OP1 (S) and place its result on F. It will also place that same result on S as well. This is because we’re doing a simple + or operation, so we can just evaluate the pression. OP1 will become OPS, whatever it may be. Then, it will take us back to the TRANSITION state. If we press OPC and OP1 = OPC, then we do the same as when we press OPS except it’s OPC. of course. Finally, if we press OPC, we will be taken to the TRAILING state if OP1 is OPS (i.e. if OP1 is one of + or ). In this state, OP2 becomes OPC (i.e. one of * or /) and OP1 is always an OPS. S remains what it was, which is s0sk-1, but T will now get the value of S. The display D and S remain unchanged. STATE 5: TRAILING Why do we have a trailing state? Imagine the expression 9+5*2, should it evaluate to 14*2=28 or should it evaluate to 9+10=19? If you care about Mathematics, you know that multiplication takes precedence. That is why we have both the TRAILING state and the TRANSITION FROM TRAILING state! Note that in this state, OP1 is always OPS and  OP2 is always OPC. The TRAILING state looks like: F: ~F OP1: ~OP1=OPC S: ~S OP2: OPC T: ~S D: S Pressing = takes us to the EQUAL state. The evaluation is different however. First, we evaluate (S) OP2 (T), place the result into S (note that we make this evaluation before moving to the equal state), then we evaluate (F) OP1 (S), which places the result into F (note that we make this evaluation after moving into the equal state). So, now, F is essentially (F) OP1 ((S) OP2 (T)). All other expressions remain unchanged. Pressing RES will take us to the TRANSITION FROM TRAILING state. This will immediately set T = 0 and all parameters will remain unchanged. The display will become T. Someone pressing tk = t0 is essentially equivalent to pressing RES from the TRAILING state. Pressing OPC leads us back to the TRAILING state and simply change the OPC on OP2. Pressing OPS will run the same evaluation done with pressing =, i.e. it will place (F) OP1 ((S) OP2 (T)) into F but also on place it on S. OP1 will be OPS, whatever it may be, and the display will be F. Other keys will remain unchanged. Finally, pressing tk will take us to the TRANSITION FROM TRAILING state. In this case (i.e. coming from TRAILING), tk = t0. The display also changes to D=T . STATE 6: TRANSITION FROM TRAILING This state looks like: F: ~F OP1: ~OPS S: ~S OP2: ~OPC T: t0...tk-1 D: T Pressing RES if T = 0 will take us back to INITIAL state. Everything will be cleared. However, if T is not equal to 0, pressing RES will just clear T (i.e. set it to 0) and remain in this state. Pressing tk will just append tk into the current value of T. Pressing = will evaluate the expression just as evaluated when pressing = during the TRAILING state, and it will take us to the EQUAL state. Pressing OPC will take us to the TRAILING state. This will evaluate (S) OP2 (T) and place the result in both S and T. Then, it will change OP2 to be the new input OPC . The display will change back to S. Pressing OPS will take us to the TRANSITION state. This will evaluate the expression similar to how it’s evaluated in the TRAILING state. STATE 7: EQUAL Whew! Finally, the EQUAL state. This state looks like: F: (F) OP1 (S) OP1: ~OP1 S: ~S OP2: ~OP2 T: ~T D: F Note that the display in the equal state is always F. Pressing = re-evaluates (F) OP1 (S) and places the result into F. Note that S will remain the same in this case. Pressing OP will take us to the TRANSITION state. Then, it will make a copy of F and place it into S. Then, OP1 will be the newly received operation. Pressing fk will take us to the TRANSITION FROM INITIAL state. In this case, fk = f0. Everything else will remain unchanged. Pressing RES will also take us back to the TRANSITION FROM INITIAL state. However, it will delete F and replace it with 0. The Calculator (an example!) Parting Notes This is the calculator shown in the video above. It’s a really nice state machine that works well for these simple operations, and the design is great because it can be easily expanded to more complicated operations such as sin or floor. I wanted to point out that I didn’t really talk about how we are appending to the numbers. In case fk (or equivalently sk and tk ) is . , we only append when there is no . in the number. For example, pressing . when F=243 will make F=243. . However, pressing . when F=23.5 will have no effects! Also, pressing any number other than 0 when F=0 needs to change F into that number (equivalently for S and T). This is definitely not crazy difficult, but I’d say it’s more complicated that it looks, and it’s been a rewarding exercise to actually design this calculator. Here’s code that I wrote that does this in JavaScript (which is meant to be used for a calculator website) Or, check it out on Github. Thanks for reading! Post Tagged #6.148

Designing a Calculator with FSM Logic

Designing a Calculator with FSM Logic My friend Robert V. 20 is a Course 6-3 (Computer Science) sophomore, the MIT African Students Associations webmaster, and has TAd an interesting IAP class called 6.148, a web development class and competition. Hes a really smart guy, and I found out about this cool post he put up on Medium and asked if I could reformat it and post it to the blogs. Robert is passionate about web design and development, and is also really great at teaching. Hes always the first person that many of our Course 6 freshman friends reach out to for help in their introductory courses. Robert lives in Maseeh Hall, was born in Goma and grew up in Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. I hope you enjoy his post as much as I did!   As far as I can tell, making a calculator is a classic first time programmer’s challenge. So, as I was helping some of my fellow underclassmen learn web dev, I suggested making a calculator! For best practice purposes, I also suggested starting off with brainstorming: First, we design how this calculator is going to work, Then, we can implement code for this, And finally, we can make it pretty As we were brainstorming, we naturally through that a coherent design logic for our calculator would be a finite state machine (FSM)! WAIT. What’s a Finite State Machine (FSM)? NOTE: If you’re familiar with FSMs, you can skip this section entirely. An FSM is a mathematical objects made of states, state transitions, and inputs. FSMs are widely used in computer science and engineering to model the behaviors of machines. At any given time, an FSM has one state and can receive inputs. Based on those inputs, the FSM can change both state (through state transitions) and interval variables of the FSM. HERE’S AN EXAMPLE: The state machine of the human body. A very simplified human body has 2 states: hungry and full. When humans are hungry, they need food in order to get back to being in the full state, and at the same time, they may become happy  when they get food. Becoming happy in this case would be an internal variable of the state machine, and eating would be an input. Then, humans use all their energy (the other input) which makes them hungry again. They could become SAD too. So, inputs essentially lead to state change in a state machine. Here’s what this simple human body state machine would look like when graphically represented: Ok, let me show you another example! You’re about to see an FSM that you’re very familiar with but that was just never called an FSM: the state of matter. Right, isn’t that cool? We learn this in high school, but they never call it that way. Anyway, this state machine has 4 states: PLASMA, GAS, SOLID, LIQUID. There are transitions from states to states, which are inputs that are either caused by nature or by humans. Internal states of this state machines could be, for example, the boiling temperature of the given matter, the name of the given matter, etc. Why Are (Finite) State Machines Important? They provide us with a very systematic way of modelling anything that can happen in real life (such as state of matter). Based on state machines, we can easily use mathematics to derive both properties of those machines. State machines are widely used in probabilistic applications, such as modelling the motion of a robot looking for a reward located somewhere the robot does not know using Markov Random Process (which is also a subset of state machines). State machines also allow to naturally and easily expand our model (both through the design and through code). For example, in the human body, we could add another state, not full / not hungry, where the human person could be feeling meh. To add that, we simple create a new state and add some transitions to it. Of course, there are times when other models are better, but state machines work best for certain kinds of applications. Finally, if you’re more interested, here’s an article on embeddedrelated.com by Jason Sacks that goes over a lot more details that I did. If you find this interesting, you will love that article. Back to Calculators Later on, we decided to use the iPhone’s calculator to identify all the possible states in our calculator state machine simply by playing around doing multiple arithmetic computations. And… It quickly turned out to be much more complicated than I thought. Here’s some thought to not using a state machine: Designing a calculator without thinking about all the state machine’s logic is very simple. It works well for most operations, and noticing the imperfections in it can be subtle. However, there are operations that simply do not work well, such as 2 + 4 * 2, which in reality is 2 + (4 * 2) = 10 and can be erroneously evaluated as (2 + 4) * 2 = 12. Another way to design a calculator is one where the user can input expressions, such as 3 * 4, which can be easily evaluated with functions like eval. Not that I am not suggesting using eval (it’s know to be a bad practice); it’s just a quick solution that could help quickly get down to implementing all the UI for the calculator. However, nicely designing a calculator with a correct finite state machine is not that easy. Nevertheless, I decided to pursue this interesting challenge, and this is what I came up with: That looks quite complicated. Let me explain. Note: if you’d like to skip to the end, I posted JavaScript gist code snippet that implements this. The main idea behind a simple calculator is that we receive inputs, and based on those inputs, we make some operations, and if needed, we change the output display on the screen. Inputs may be: numbers (one of 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,.. note that I included the . as a “number”), operations (one of +,-,*,/), equality (i.e. =), or reset (could be C or AC on iPhone. One of them is clear which is same as clear entry and the other is clear all). Then, we can denote the inputs as follows: Operations are OP  for +,-,*,/, OPS for +,-, and OPC for *,/. C for complex, S for simple. Equality is just =. Input numbers may be one of fk, sk, or tk. The k actually stands for the new input’s index for numbers such that a number is a sequence of digit characters f0,f1,f2,,fk-1, and the input makes the number become f0,f1,,fk. For example, in 123, f0=1, f1=2, f2=3 and k-1=2. The input f3=4 will change that number into 1234. The reset button is RES. This is like pressing AC or C on your iPhone’s calculator. Next, I designed the underlying structure of the calculator as blocks of the form: |---|-----|---|-----|---| | F | OP1 | S | OP2 | T | |---|-----|---|-----|---| F stands for “first” as in “first number” OP1 is the first operation S is stands for “second” as in “second number” OP2 is the second operation, and finally T stands for “trailing” as in “trailing number”. By now, you can probably imagine that we’d be doing operations against the first and second number and against the second number against the trailing number, but how are the operations actually made, what do each of those blocks actually mean, and where does the result get stored? Let me explain all of it! The State Logic What we need is to identify all the possible states for this FSM. This is the difficult part. I learned here that this type of calculators try to make the most logical assumption while respecting the rules of mathematics, and it can be beautifully describes with only 7 states! Before diving into these 7 states, first, here’s what the state parameters in a state represent: F - the value of the first number OP1 - the operation between the first and second number S - the value of the second number OP2 - the operation between the second number and trailing number T - the value of the trailing number D - what is displayed on the screen; it can be one of F, S, and T The inputs that I listed above are what will lead to various state transitions. Now, onto the states: STATE 1: INITIAL State So, the initial state looks like: F: 0 OP1: + S: 0 OP2: + T: 0 D: F This is the state we start off with. There’s nothing interesting, and the values that we start with are just zeros and + operations. Pressing RES will take us back to the initial state: it essentially has no effect. YES, self loops are allowed in FSMs. Pressing any number, denoted by fk (which must be equal to f0 for this input coming from the INITIAL state) will take us to the TRANSITION FROM INITIAL state. I will talk about that state next. The number is denoted with lowercase f because it will be filled into the first number F. Note that adding numbers into other blocks will then have to either be sk or tk for block S and block T respectively. Finally, pressing any operation OP will take us to the TRANSITION state. Note that this will change OP1 to become OP, whatever OP may be among +,-,*,/. This state is upcoming as well. STATE 2: TRANSITION FROM INITIAL Let me point out that my naming convention here is a bit weird, but I tried my best to give these states meaningful names. Without further ado, this state looks like this: F: f0...fk-1 OP1: ~OP1 S: ~S OP2: ~OP2 T: ~T D: F Some things to note: I use the ~ notation to denote that the value of this key is whatever the given state key was before (not that it could be that the state key does not match state key, e.g.: S: ~F). Some later states will cause these values to change and not be + or 0 as in the initial state. So, anyway: Pressing RES will take us to TRANSITION FROM INITIAL state (i.e. back to here) if F is not equal to 0. It will clear F (i.e. set it to 0). Pressing RES will take us back to INITIAL state if F = 0. This means all parameters become what they used to be. i.e. F=0, OP1=+, S=0, D=F, OP2=+, T=0. I will show why this is important at the end. Pressing any number fk will take us back to this same state, TRANSITION FROM INITIAL and simply append fk to f0fk-1. Pressing the = sign will take us to the EQUAL state. Through this, it will make the evaluation (F) OP1 (S) and place the result in the F block when it reaches the equal state. Finally, pressing any operation OP will take us to the TRANSITION state. Note that this will change OP1 to become OP, whatever OP may be among +,-,*,/. This will also duplicate F into S. STATE 3: TRANSITION If you go back to the visual, you will notice that this state is the most frequented state (i.e. has the most arrows coming into it). EQUAL is the second most frequented. Anyway, this state looks like: F: ~F OP1: OP S: ~F OP2: ~OP2 T: ~T D: F Note that to reach this state, one must press an operation OP; that is the value that OP1 takes! There’s also something funny that happens here: the value of F gets duplicated into S. This is an optimization that was made by the iPhone. It’s a design decision that did not have to happen but works very well. Let’s say you press 3 then *. Then, what happens if you press = ? Do you get a zero because you didn’t type the second number? With this design decision, you’d get a 9 because we assume that you meant 3 * 3. I think it’s cool that they thought of this! Then, pressing any OP leads us back to this state. It simply changes the operation to the new one. Pressing = evaluates (F) OP1 (S) and places the result in F. Then, it takes us to the EQUAL state. Note that when it takes us to the equal state, both OP and S and every other parameters of the state remain unchanged. This is also cool. Do you see why? Maybe it’ll be more obvious once we get into the EQUAL state. Pressing RES takes us back to TRANSITION FROM INITIAL. On the way to it, it removes all the values in F and replaces it with 0. All the other parameters remain unchanged. Finally, pressing another number sk takes us to the TRANSITION FROM TRANSITION state. As you can imagine, this changes the value of S. Note that as coming from TRANSITION, sk = s0 (the very first index of the second number regardless of what S currently is, it will overwrite it). STATE 4: TRANSITION FROM TRANSITION (That naming though… Sigh) This state is interesting. It looks like this: F: ~F OP1: ~OP1 S: s0...sk-1 OP2: ~OP2 T: ~T D: S You can probably note that the display has now changed from F to S. Now, we’re displaying the second number! Pressing sk takes us back to this same state, it just appends sk to S so that it now becomes s0sk. Pressing = takes us to the EQUAL state. Again, it will evaluate (F) OP1 (S) and place the result in F and also keep all other parameters unchanged. Pressing RES takes us back to TRANSITION FROM TRANSITION if S is not equal to 0. This will clear S and replaces it with 0. Pressing RES when S = 0 will take us back to INITIAL. This means that everything will get back to what it started off with. Finally, pressing OP is the interesting case. There is actually two possible cases here: If we press OPS, we evaluate the expression (F) OP1 (S) and place its result on F. It will also place that same result on S as well. This is because we’re doing a simple + or operation, so we can just evaluate the pression. OP1 will become OPS, whatever it may be. Then, it will take us back to the TRANSITION state. If we press OPC and OP1 = OPC, then we do the same as when we press OPS except it’s OPC. of course. Finally, if we press OPC, we will be taken to the TRAILING state if OP1 is OPS (i.e. if OP1 is one of + or ). In this state, OP2 becomes OPC (i.e. one of * or /) and OP1 is always an OPS. S remains what it was, which is s0sk-1, but T will now get the value of S. The display D and S remain unchanged. STATE 5: TRAILING Why do we have a trailing state? Imagine the expression 9+5*2, should it evaluate to 14*2=28 or should it evaluate to 9+10=19? If you care about Mathematics, you know that multiplication takes precedence. That is why we have both the TRAILING state and the TRANSITION FROM TRAILING state! Note that in this state, OP1 is always OPS and  OP2 is always OPC. The TRAILING state looks like: F: ~F OP1: ~OP1=OPC S: ~S OP2: OPC T: ~S D: S Pressing = takes us to the EQUAL state. The evaluation is different however. First, we evaluate (S) OP2 (T), place the result into S (note that we make this evaluation before moving to the equal state), then we evaluate (F) OP1 (S), which places the result into F (note that we make this evaluation after moving into the equal state). So, now, F is essentially (F) OP1 ((S) OP2 (T)). All other expressions remain unchanged. Pressing RES will take us to the TRANSITION FROM TRAILING state. This will immediately set T = 0 and all parameters will remain unchanged. The display will become T. Someone pressing tk = t0 is essentially equivalent to pressing RES from the TRAILING state. Pressing OPC leads us back to the TRAILING state and simply change the OPC on OP2. Pressing OPS will run the same evaluation done with pressing =, i.e. it will place (F) OP1 ((S) OP2 (T)) into F but also on place it on S. OP1 will be OPS, whatever it may be, and the display will be F. Other keys will remain unchanged. Finally, pressing tk will take us to the TRANSITION FROM TRAILING state. In this case (i.e. coming from TRAILING), tk = t0. The display also changes to D=T . STATE 6: TRANSITION FROM TRAILING This state looks like: F: ~F OP1: ~OPS S: ~S OP2: ~OPC T: t0...tk-1 D: T Pressing RES if T = 0 will take us back to INITIAL state. Everything will be cleared. However, if T is not equal to 0, pressing RES will just clear T (i.e. set it to 0) and remain in this state. Pressing tk will just append tk into the current value of T. Pressing = will evaluate the expression just as evaluated when pressing = during the TRAILING state, and it will take us to the EQUAL state. Pressing OPC will take us to the TRAILING state. This will evaluate (S) OP2 (T) and place the result in both S and T. Then, it will change OP2 to be the new input OPC . The display will change back to S. Pressing OPS will take us to the TRANSITION state. This will evaluate the expression similar to how it’s evaluated in the TRAILING state. STATE 7: EQUAL Whew! Finally, the EQUAL state. This state looks like: F: (F) OP1 (S) OP1: ~OP1 S: ~S OP2: ~OP2 T: ~T D: F Note that the display in the equal state is always F. Pressing = re-evaluates (F) OP1 (S) and places the result into F. Note that S will remain the same in this case. Pressing OP will take us to the TRANSITION state. Then, it will make a copy of F and place it into S. Then, OP1 will be the newly received operation. Pressing fk will take us to the TRANSITION FROM INITIAL state. In this case, fk = f0. Everything else will remain unchanged. Pressing RES will also take us back to the TRANSITION FROM INITIAL state. However, it will delete F and replace it with 0. The Calculator (an example!) Parting Notes This is the calculator shown in the video above. It’s a really nice state machine that works well for these simple operations, and the design is great because it can be easily expanded to more complicated operations such as sin or floor. I wanted to point out that I didn’t really talk about how we are appending to the numbers. In case fk (or equivalently sk and tk ) is . , we only append when there is no . in the number. For example, pressing . when F=243 will make F=243. . However, pressing . when F=23.5 will have no effects! Also, pressing any number other than 0 when F=0 needs to change F into that number (equivalently for S and T). This is definitely not crazy difficult, but I’d say it’s more complicated that it looks, and it’s been a rewarding exercise to actually design this calculator. Here’s code that I wrote that does this in JavaScript (which is meant to be used for a calculator website) Or, check it out on Github. Thanks for reading! Post Tagged #6.148

Leadership Styles Charismatic, Transformational And...

Hiring a Successful Manager There are several types of leadership styles: charismatic, transformational and authentic leadership. Therefore, it is important to not only know and understand them, but to confirm which one will best fit the organization. Once confirmed, I will be able to know what type of leaders I would want to lead the department. Below are 5 questions that will be asked during the interviews: 1. Why are you open to new opportunities and why were you interested in this position? 2. Can you review your leadership experience throughout your career? What responsibilities did you have and what was the size of your team? 3. Can you provide me a scenario of an escalation with one of your employee and how did you come to a resolution? 4. How did you keep your team motivated? Did you create some incentive programs? 5. If I were to ask a former team member of yours, how will they describe your organizational skills? These questions will help me in determining if my candidates have the following attributes: loyalty, organizational skills, and follow-through attitude, optimistic. However, in order to hire a successful candidate, the company must build a hiring plan that should be used a guide to hiring managers. Below are 10 best practices that can be applied to be hiring process. Best Practices to the Hiring Process As federal and states laws change, the hiring process become a bit more complex. Companies need be up to date with the current laws and regulations whenShow MoreRelatedLeadership Styles From The Television1395 Words   |  6 Pagesbook, will be identified. Leadership theories will be used to evaluate my selected leader to determine what characteristics and leadership abilities helped this leader become successful. I will also include an evaluation of my own leadership style and identify what my individual leadership characteristics are. 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Mcdonalds vs Burger King - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1177 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? For years, McDonald’s and Burger King (BK) have been the world’s two largest and most successful fast food chains. Both have battled out all these years over their operational differences which form the core of their corporate culture. The â€Å"Doing It All For You† (McDonald’s) vs. â€Å"Having It Your Way† (BK’s) stems from their respective production methods. McDonald’s â€Å"Made to Stock† vs. BK’s â€Å"Made to Order† also originate from the differences in their respective processes. Exhibits 1 and 2 show the Process Flow Diagrams (PFDs) of McDonald’s and BK respectively. Exhibit 3 provides a detailed comparative analysis of the PFDs of these two fast food chains. The main operational difference between McDonald’s and BK is that McDonald’s cooks their hamburgers on grills using a â€Å"batch process† (a batch of upto 12 patties/grill) with human intervention to turn, sear, and pull. BK uses the machine based – Continuous Chain Broiler assembly process (8 burgers/meat chain) for the production of their burgers – similar to an assembly line in a manufacturing process thus, requiring no human intervention. For a â€Å"made to stock† process, it requires burgers in bulk and hence the batch process in McDonald’s. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mcdonalds vs Burger King" essay for you Create order Whereas, for a â€Å"made to order† process, it requires an assembly chain process where meat patties are placed at one end and after 80 seconds they come out the other end, cooked – one by one. Also, since BK harps on â€Å"make to order† process, it requires a semi-finished inventory – Steam Table in which mated buns and patties sit for 10 minutes and then discarded. In McDonald’s â€Å"continuous process† there is no such inventory and all the buns and patties are mated during the assembly process following the dressing. It should be noted that mating of the buns and patties before the assembly process in BK is a result of BK’s variety of menu. Whoppers and Burgers both are of different sizes and hence the mating before assembly process. McDonald’s menu â€Å"Less product more often† offers standardized burgers. This cost of complexity is a huge cost driver for BK. The â€Å"dressing process† of McDonald’s is standardized with lever based dispensers and portion controlled condiments. In BK, dressing is done by humans using plastic squeezed bottles without pre-measured quantity. This is where McDonald’s is ahead of BK as can be seen from the statements – BK spends 1. 1% of their sales in condiments (wastage). Exhibit 4 provides a comparative analysis of the operating results of both chains. Also, absence of pre-determined quantity of sauces/condiments causes variation and can affect taste and quality. Due to their â€Å"made to order† philosophy, BK uses microwave ovens to produce warm and fresh burgers. The high costs incurred by BK in â€Å"utilities† (2% more than McDonald’s) is a direct result of both a machine based cooking process and use of microwave ovens. Finally, once the burgers are ready – McDonald’s keeps them in â€Å"bin† – a finished goods inventory – a result of their â€Å"made to stock† concept. The burgers sit in the bin for 10 minutes before being discarded which produces waste costs for McDonald’s. As a result, the cost of â€Å"food† for McDonald’s is roughly 1. 5% higher. Paper is also wasted (wrapped sandwiches) due to the food wastage. Statistics show that McDonald’s spends 1 cent/revenue dollar on paper costs – a $15 million dollar systemwide savings for BK. BK manages its inventory efficiently, partly because of its â€Å"made to order† process. During slow periods, BK strictly follows â€Å"made to order† compared to McDonald’s minimum inventory. Also, whereas McDonald maintains a paper inventory at the basement, BK stores its paperware in shelves in the production area. This adds to McDonald’s rent costs (1% higher than BK). Moreover, BK calls for local supplies of milk/buns 3-4 times a week indicating fewer inventories compared to once a week by McDonald’s. The operational difference also reflects on the corporate culture. Batch Process requires that workers maintain a sense of teamwork, especially during busy periods. Speed becomes a key element and it requires the workers to be motivated and willing to help. At BK where the broiler paces the process (one burger comes out at 8/minute), there is not much teamwork required. Hence, McDonald’s gives better motivational and non-salary rewards. McDonald’s also spends around 2. % higher than BK on the salaries of their workers which include incentives. A major similarity between the two corporations is their effort to deskill the process (minimize human intervention). McDonald’s deskill at assembly process (automated dispensers) whereas BK aims at deskilling at the cooking phase by machine based broiler. Both are extremely customer centric which can be gauged from their tag lines – â€Å"Doing it all for you† vs. â€Å"Having it your way†. The other processes – hiring, counter, drive-through, and fry products (fries, etc) are also mostly similar barring few exceptions. At McDonald’s, the counter specialist takes payment after assembling the order. In BK, the counter specialist takes the payment and then starts assembling the order. The information flow is also different. BK counter specialists use microphones to relay the order in the production area (a potential error producing process during busy periods) and register slips to assemble orders. McDonald’s have display monitors to assemble orders. During busy periods, a dedicated individual at bin relays the demand to the grill workers at McDonald’s. At BK, a level indicator at the top of chutes operated by the manager relays the demand requirement to the production area. During peak periods, McDonald’s batch process allows for much greater throughput and faster speed of service. Though both McDonald’s and BK meet the hourly peak demand for Friday noon based on the case facts (Exhibits 5 and 6), there is significant operational difference in their approach to peak demand. McDonald’s philosophy of â€Å"keep more in the bin than make customer wait† is at the heart of its peak demand operations. During busy periods, McDonald’s appoint additional â€Å"backers† or â€Å"expeditors† both in the production area and service area including a dedicated worker at the bin to maintain uninterrupted flow of supply. They also employ â€Å"on the turn† technique to allow for burgers at different stages of cooking. BK prefers to open extra cash registers than using an â€Å"expeditor† in the service area. In the production area, BK workers use microwave time of 12 s to work on other sandwiches. Hence, McDonald’s is systemically better equipped to handle busy periods whereas the assembly process is a huge bottleneck for BK. 60 burgers/hr vs. 200 burgers/hr and a target TAT of 90 s for McDonald’s vs. 3 min door-to-door for BK accounts for at least some of the tremendous difference between the annual sales of both chains at Hillybourne. ($1. 1 million for McDonald’s vs. $700,000 for BK). It is only during off-peak periods when BK comes close in dollar volume and is more efficient because of less waste, paper, and salary expense. Hence, it is safe to say that most of the operational differences at the heart of the two chains stem from their methods of production.

The Challenges of Transracial Adoption Essay - 2059 Words

To the thousands of children in foster care, adoption means being part of a family. Adoption signifies a chance to be loved, wanted, and cared for properly. Every year thousands of children enter the foster care system. In the year 2010 alone, 245,375 children entered foster care, of that number over 61,000 were black. An astounding 30,812 black children were waiting for adoption in 2010 (AFCARS). With so many children needing homes, it would seem their adoption would be open to any and all loving families, yet this is not the necessarily the case. Transracial adoption, which traditionally alludes to black children placed with white families, is riddled with difficulties. While transracial adoption can be a successful solution, many†¦show more content†¦Regardless of laws, some groups still openly oppose the practice of transracial adoption. The National Black Association of Black Social Workers have gone as far as to call transracial adoption â€Å"cultural genocide† as stated in their 1972 announcement (McManus). In that statement the president of the NABSW publically declared the following: We are opposed to transracial adoption as a solution to permanent placement for black children. We have an ethic, moral, and professional obligation to oppose transracial adoption. We are therefore legally justified in our efforts to protect the rights of black children, black families, and the black community. It is a blatant form of racial and cultural genocide. (McManus) In 1994 the NABSW restated their position with the statement, â€Å"Transracial adoption should only be considered after documented evidence of unsuccessful same-race placements have been reviewed and supported by appropriate representatives of the African-American community (McManus). The intense opposition of transracial adoption is evidenced in a multitude of different ways. During the initial phase of the adoption process prospective parents are discouraged from proceeding b y the intake worker. They are constantly bombarded with the alleged difficulties involved in transracial adoptions and questioned about their motives for adopting (Adoption 85). Parents are accused ofShow MoreRelatedAdoption Is A Non Genetic919 Words   |  4 Pagescan ever erase that relationship, because it is genetic. Union is a non-genetic, heartwarming, relationship, such as adoption. There are many reasons people feel the want or need to adopt. Infertility is one of the many reasons. People have reported that, when asked what they felt when they could not have children, they felt useless, disappointed and even heartsick. Adoption is an option to couples who cannot have children or would prefer to adopt. 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Risk Management About Project - Myassignmenthelp.com

Risk Management is now a mainstream activity and not simply a process buried deeply in project management. Peter Campbell, 2012 Discuss this statement and the implications for project management. In this assignment you should consider the theoretical concepts of risk management in relation to projects and discuss the practical implementation of them. Refer to your experience and/or the literature to link your discussion to cases and examples. You should demonstrate the learning outcomes of the unit which in the main are to: Understand key challenges in the application of Risk Management both at project/operational and strategic/corporate levels. Formulate appropriate Risk Management strategies and plans in order to develop and embed effective project risk models, mitigation and contingency plans for appropriate action. 1. Introduction: Risks will exist in each dimension of the business, but management of the project pains are mainly responsive for minimizing and identifying the potential risk so for completing the project it is not risk. Effective management of the risk strategies will permit to recognize the threats, opportunities, weaknesses and strengths of the project. Through planning for events which are unanticipated, it will be prepared to react. To make sure that success of project, describe how we will hold the risks of potential so we will avoid the problem mitigate and identify when we require it. Project managers for successful will distinguish that management of risk is significant, due to attaining the goals of project will depend on project planning, project preparation, project evaluation and results that supply for attaining strategic goals. Management of the Risk is the part of integral for management of project: This is regarding maximizing success chance Management of Risk is regarding minimizing the failure chance, and opportunity maximizing Each decision which engage the choice between the choices which are less risky Individual frames of the reference will decide our appetite risk or how seeking the risk or reluctant Everyone has the dissimilar risk level of acceptance Are you functioning on projects which are risky? Do you desire to keep the projects from damaging belongings of related risks, environmental, cultural, social and financial? Did you desire to produce additional revenues during the project? If the answer is yes then we should execute management of risk. In this scenario, because conditions which are poor economic and competitions which are tough organizations will face many risks at many time. Though, the scope of risks may differ but risks will be usually affecting the project productivity. Management of Risk is only technique to stay secure from unpleasant effects of risks of project. 2. Evolution of the Risk Evolution of Risk is the team of the markets of financial for professionals who determined on giving the edge of cutting derivatives for models of pricing to auditors which are active, brokers, investors which are sophisticated and traders in rate of interest for derivatives, exchange for foreign, indices markets for equity and futures. Management of Risk Evolution have spent more than 20 years in the derivatives of the financial and software of derivatives. In 2007 Evolution of Risk will be founded which will originally construct the business for consulting that would cultivate into the both business for consulting and product over time. Evolution of Risk will be introducing its first chief product line which is known as "Reflex" in Q2 of 2014. 3. 10 Golden Rules You will increase the lot of the money which you will deal with unsure events and project in the manner which is practical. The consequence will reduce the project impact intimidation and snatch the occasions which happen. These permit you to distribute plan on the time, on the budget and through results of superiority the demands of project sponsor. 3.1 Rule 1: Make Management of Risk Part of the Project The primary regulation is necessary to management of risk of achievement of plan. If it don't really implant administration of risk in the project, you will not harvest whole approach benefits. We can meet techniques of faulty number in industries. Few projects will use no technique whatsoever to management of risk. 3.2 Rule 2: Recognize Risks Untimely in the Project The initial step in management of project of risk to recognize the risks those are there in the project. This needs a mindset which is open which will focus on prospect scenarios which may happen. Two major sources survive to recognize paper, people and risks. People will be member of team which bring beside their personal expertise and experiences. 3.3 Rule 3: Communicate About the Risks The technique which is good is to constantly comprise communication of risk in tasks which will carry out. If the meeting of team make risks part of the project of evasion agenda.Another significant communication line is that manager of scheme and plan principal or sponsor. Spotlight the efforts of communication on big risks and ensure revelation the customer or boss! 3.4 Rule 4: Believe Both Opportunities and Threats Risks of plan have the unenthusiastic suggestion: they are "the guys which are bad" that will damage the project. Though techniques for modern risk will focus on the risks which are positive, the opportunities of project. These are events which are unsure which will be helpful to the organization and project. 3.5 Rule 5: Explain the Issues of Ownership Ownership will exists on next level. If the threat of project will occurs, somebody has to disburse bill. These logical sound, but in a matter you have to tackle before risk happen. Particularly if dissimilar units of business, suppliers and departments are concerned in the project, it happens too significant who tolerates the penalty and has unfilled the wallet. A significant effect side of descriptive the effects of risk ownership, is that managers of line will begin to attention for pay to the project, particularly when lot of money is at stake. 3.6 Rule 6: The Prioritise of Risks The manager of project tells me that "I indulgence all risks uniformly." This constructs existence of the project actually simple. Though, it doesn't distribute the top consequences probable. Few dangers have the greatest collision. Consequently, you improved expend the time on risks which cause the highest gains and losses. Ensure if we have showstoppers the plan that disrupt the project. 3.7 Rule 7: Analyse of Risks Analysis of Risk happens at dissimilar levels. If we want to appreciate the risk at an entity level is most productive to believe about the belongings and the reasons that can construct it occur. Looking at belongings, you can explain what belongings take place instantly after the risk happen and what belongings occur as the consequence of the main belongings or because occasion intervenes. 3.8 Rule 8: Implement and Plan Risk the Responses Implementing the response of risk is the motion that really adds worth to the project. It avoid the hazard happening or reduce effects which are negative. This will support to make the sound response plan of risk which will focus on big wins. 3.9 Rule 9: Register for Risks of Project The superior risk log will contain description of risks, clarifies issues of ownership and enable to carry the basic analysis with observe to effects and causes. Most managers of project aren't actually affectionate of errands of administrative, except performance bookkeeping with observes to dangers pays off, particularly if risks quantity is large. Few managers of plan don't desire to evidence dangers, due to which they experience which constructs it easier to guilt them in container when things go wrong. 3.10 Rule 10: Associated Tasks and Track Risks Risks tracking will be different from tasks of tracking. It spotlight on the present circumstances of dangers. Which dangers are additional probable to occur? Has the comparative significance of dangers distorted? 3.10.1 Systemic risk The collapse of risk of a whole system of financial or whole marketplace as opposite to danger connected with any of the personality thing, component or group of the organization, which can be restricted within without damage the entire organization. Risk of Systemic will not be puzzled with risk of price or market as the later is precise to the item being sold or bought and the belongings of danger of market are inaccessible to entities which are commerce in precise item. This type of danger can be alleviating by prevarication a speculation by incoming into the reflect operate. Insurance is very simple to get beside "risks which are systemic" due to which the party concern that indemnity can compartment the premiums, matter extras to shareholders, penetrate collapse measures if the disastrous occasion still takes position, and conceal following incomplete responsibility. Few insurance, though, is not effectual for the indemnify article. 3.11 Key Challenges to Conduct Management of risk There are seven key challenges that our clients faced, and are solving these with StratexPoint. These are: 3.11.1 Managing and embedding Governance: Perhaps one of the biggest failings that has come to light in the financial services industry since the credit crunch has been the failure of governance within many firms. This was evident immediately after the credit crunch when the realisation dawned on the industry that Boards and executives had agreed strategies and taken major business decisions without being fully informed or aware of the amount of risk they had committed the firm to taking. Ineffective board oversight and challenge and other governance weaknesses have been identified as major contributory factors in the near total meltdown of the global financial services industry. 3.11.2 Definition of the Business Model: With the creation of the FCA, there is an increased focus on the firms business model and the importance of creating a business model that was based on fair customer outcomes. Given recent industry scandals such as the mis-selling of PPI, the mis-selling on interest default swaps and Libor it is not surprising that the new regulator is going to be interested in a firms business model and the sustainability of the business model without relying on unsafe sales practices or fine print containing expected charges. The level of concern around the business model is such that at the heart of the new Firm Systematic Framework (FSF), is the business model and strategy analysis (BMSA) process. 3.11.3 Definition and execution of the Strategy: A central tenant of the FCAs approach to regulation is to ensure that firms put market integrity and the interests of customers at the heart of their business strategy. The emphasis is reinforced by the Firm Systematic Framework (FSF), at the heart of which is the Business model and strategy analysis (BMSA). 3.11.4 Enabling and embedding Conduct Management of risk: With the creation of the FCA, there will be many executives and management of risk professionals that take the view that Conduct Management of risk will require a new set of processes and procedures, more resources etc. We take a different view. We believe that Conduct Management of risk is best delivered as simply a part of the firms existing Enterprise Management of risk (ERM) framework and process. This of course assumes that an existing ERM framework is in place, effective and embedded and it addresses key aspects of governance and strategy in an integrated way. 3.11.5 Process Management, and specifically New Product Development, Sales and Post-Sales Aftercare: To start with, StratexPoint is a SharePoint application therefore once deployed it becomes part of the every day working environment. This enables all staff to interact with various SharePoint sites to undertake business as usual activities, one of which would be the management of risk site via the StratexPoint. This deployment approach means that management of risk quickly becomes a business as usual process which is completed in a system with a familiar user interface, familiar navigation approach and everything in the system is by default personalised to the individual user. 3.11.6 Product level performance and management of risk: One of the powers that the FCA has been granted which was not available to the FSA is the power to intervene early in the product development process and to challenge firms to ensure that all products deliver good customer outcomes. Additionally the FCA will be much quicker than the FSA in making public their investigations, or even their intentions to investigate a firm or a specific product. Additionally, as some of the recent scandals such as the PPI has shown, products often have a long shelf life and poor customer outcomes may only arise years after products have been on sale. Also while the performance of individual products is routinely monitored over time, firms often do not track risks over time. 3.11.7 Conduct incident reporting and analysis: The risk events capability within the StratexPoint solution is workflow driven with the ability to route an event through a workflow process which includes the following steps; 3.11.7.1 Event Registration 3.11.7.2 Event Estimation 3.11.7.3 Event Investigation 3.11.7.4 Event Root Cause Analysis 3.11.7.5 Event Resolution 3.11.7.6 Approval 3.11.7.7 Reconciliation 4. About Management of risk Organization of the risk is essentially a technique where we discover recognize, analyze and alleviate the dangers which can influence the project. An organization of risk is a significant element of organization of plan which if complete economically guide to the achievement of the project. Organization of the risk is an act arrangement which will consists of a variety of ladder which is complete to make sure the risk removal. If we are commerce with unmanageable risk then we can put such an act arrangement which can reduce the consequence of the risks as we cannot completely get purge of few risks. Organization of risk is completed by managers of risk who are healthy conscious of the risks which are connected with scrupulous commerce or project and various conduct to alleviate them. As the period of multitasking, different association also anticipate managers of project to be managers of risk as well. In detail, management of numbers which are huge of institutions of project are management of risk donation courses for the managers of the project. The courses will not support to identify the nature and types of the risks of the project but also different methods to used to agreement with the risks. The mitigation of risk method is used which will depend on personality of risk of project which will faced by the team so we should be extremely cautious in embryonic the plan of action for hostility beside risks. Management of the risk is a quintessence of organization of the project. It raises the probability of the accomplishment up to the extent which is great. Below are few of the advantages of embryonic and executing a resourceful management of risk arrangement while functioning on the project. Supports to keep away from the huge tragedy Improves the revenues by just saving the expenses Gives the psychological contentment Make sure the victorious achievement of the project Provides the edge of competitive over the others Raises the intelligence of accountability and answerability Supports to discover fresh opportunities Risks survive in each measurement of commerce, but management of the project will labours are mainly responsive to recognize and reducing the potential of the risk so completion of the project is not put at risk. Effectual management of the risk approach permit to recognize the strengths of the projects threats, opportunities and weaknesses. By preparation for unanticipated proceedings, we will be prepared to react if they occur. To make sure the achievement of project, describe how we will support the risks of potential so that we can recognize, alleviate or keep away from issues when we require it. Victorious managers of project will distinguish that management of the risk is significant, due to which we attain the goals of the projects will depends on the evaluation, results, preparation and planning which will donate to attaining the goals which are strategic. 4.1 Project Objectives for Management of risk When the management of project players determines the goals of the project, it will recognize all risks which will potentially intimidate the accomplishment of the objectives. The methodical analysis of risk can support you to decide the obstructions to accomplishment and invent possibility plans. To make sure that the projects will run effortlessly, effectual managers of the project will converse their plan to sponsors of the project, stakeholders and the members of the team. This sets opportunity to communities who give backing and are exaggerated by outcomes. It will make sure that the project will run effortlessly so that the steps will earnings to another without disturbance. By recognize, keep away from and commerce with risks which are potential in move forward, you make sure that the employees which can react efficiently when confront appear and need interference. 4.2 Plans for Management of risk Management of the project teams frequently expand the management of risk strategy that provide to recognize risks, manage conduct to reduce or keep away from the risks and expand emergency strategy in case of the risks happen and delay the completion of project. Management of the risk tactics supply to success of project by creates the list which is internal and risks which are external. These plans classically comprise the recognized risks, possibility of incidence, impact which is potential and actions which are proposed. Risks which are low proceedings typically have little or no collision on performance, schedule or cost. Reasonable risk reason some raise in cost, schedule disruption or performance of degradation. Risks which are high proceedings are probable to reason a important raise in budget, disturbance of schedule or issues with performance. 4.3 Types Of risks There are many kinds of risks, but management of project teams usually assign risks into two main categories: internal and external risks. From here, a team can further sort risks into categories, such as financial, technical, political or related to resources or manufacturing. 4.4 Benefits of the Risks Risks can harm projects. They will raise costs of the project by surroundings back by the projects. By encompass management of the plan of the risk in position, management of the teams of the project which can organized to agreement with the risks if it will happen and effort to alleviate the risks but they will injure the project. Effectual management of the risk approach allows the corporation to take advantage of profits and reducing the expenses on behavior which we dont create the investment of return. Through detailed analysis, effective leaders prioritize ongoing work based on the results produced, despite the odds. 4.5 Considerations and Conclusion Some management of project teams hire risk managers or consultants to help them identify risks to their projects. It can help to have an outside perspective to ensure a risk assessment is comprehensive and factors everything in. To evaluate your projects success so you can use the best practices on your next project, assess the impact of your activities on mitigating exposure to problems and exploiting opportunities that capitalize on your companys strengths. For example, if you develop and deliver a training program that creates awareness about internet security, including phishing, viruses and identity theft, measure the number of help desk calls received about these problems. 5 References: Tara Duggan, 2014, Why is Risk Management important to Project Success? Mehwish Majeed, 2012, Risk Management: An Important Part of Project Management Society for Risk Analysis, "About the Society for Risk Analysis" S. Arendt, D K. Lorenzo,Evaluating Process Safety in the Chemical Industry(2010), p. 2. Hossein Bidgoli,Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management(2006), p. 951. Michael S. Dobson, Deborah Singer Dobson,Project Risk and Cost Analysis(2011), p. 49. Doug Hubbard (1998). "Hurdling Risk". CIO Magazine. Hiram, E. C., PerenClement Index, 2012. Roebuck, K.: Risk Management Standards, 2011. Wankel, C.: Encyclopedia of Business in Today's World, 2009. Hubbard, Douglas (2009).The Failure of Risk Management: Why It's Broken and How to Fix It. Bent Flyvbjerg and Alexander Budzier, 2011, "Why Your IT Project May Be Riskier Than You Think" Crockford, Neil (1986).An Introduction to Risk Management Dorfman, Mark S. (2007).Introduction to Risk Management and Insurance McGivern, Gerry; Fischer, Michael D. (1 February 2012). "Reactivity and reactions to regulatory transparency in medicine, psychotherapy and counselling" Roehrig, P (2006)."Bet On Governance To Manage Outsourcing Risk" Lev Virine and Michael Trumper.Project Decisions: The Art and Science. (2007) Peter Simon and David Hillson, Practical Risk Management: The ATOM Methodology (2012) Flyvbjerg, Bent (2003).Megaprojects and Risk: An Anatomy of Ambition David Cooper (25 May 2010).Leadership Risk: A Guide for Private Equity and Strategic Investors David Hillson; Ruth Murray-Webster (30 March 2007).Understanding and Managing Risk Attitude Digman, J M (1990). "Personality Structure: Emergence of the Five-Factor Model". Eysenck M. W. (1992) Anxiety and The Cognitive Perspective Nicholson, N., Soane, E., Fenton-O'Creevy, M., Willman, P. (2005). "Personality and domain specific risk taking" McCrae, R., Costa, P.T. (1997) Conceptions and correlates of Openness to Experience Kowert, P.A., Hermann, M.G. (1997). "Who takes risks? Daring and caution in foreign policy making" Geoff Trickey (2011), Risk Types. OP Matters Fischer, Michael Daniel; Ferlie, Ewan (1 January 2013). "Resisting hybridisation between modes of clinical risk management: Contradiction, contest, and the production of intractable conflict" Covello, Vincent T.; Allen., Frederick H. (April 1988).Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication Craig Taylor and Erik VanMarcke, ed. (2002).Acceptable Risk Processes: Lifelines and Natural Hazards Cortada, James W. (2003-12-04).The Digital Hand: How Computers Changed the Work of American Manufacturing, Transportation, and Retail Industries. Lam, J.,Enterprise Risk Management: From Incentives to Controls(2003) Peter Simon and David Hillson,Practical Risk Management: The ATOM Methodology(2012) Lev Virine and Michael Trumper,Project Decisions: The Art and Science(2007) Michael Trumper,ProjectThink: Why Good Managers Make Poor Project Choices(2013) Wideman, R.M.Project and Program Risk Management(1992)

Fitness And Training Essays - Physical Exercise, Training

Fitness And Training Fitness that once started as a trend in the late 70's has become more of a lifestyle than a fad today. Personal trainers are a good idea to help you on your way to get fit, or stay fit. Anyone can be a personal trainer if they want to; the only prerequisite is that you enjoy fitness and a healthy lifestyle. Trainers have a wide variety of different certificates, which allow them to be able to train people legally in B.C. There are four basic certificates that a person must have in order to train in B.C. They are, British Columbia Recreation and Parks Association (B.C.R.P.A), Fitness Theory, Individual Training and, Personal Training Certificate. Being healthy has become very popular in Victoria, and continues to grow every day. In fact it has become one of the number one activities in Victoria. Every day thousands of people go to the gym, or go for a run for exercise. It's been proven by studies that the average person whishes that they where in better physical shape, and working out is the best way to change that. In order to exercise properly, and to achieve the maxim results, you should have a personal trainer to show you the best way to accomplish your goals. To become a personal trainer you must complete the minimum requirements under lined your province. The B.C.R.P.A course is the first course you must study and complete. After completing this you to be able to instruct people how to reach their physical goals in B.C. The course is $215 dollars and can take from one week to three depending on whether you are taking the course full time or not. It covers the basics of recreational leadership and safety. The second certificate is Fitness Theory. The cost is $130 dollars; this course teaches you about the different muscles in the human body. After learning all of the different muscle groups you will learn how muscles and tendons heal and how to prevent injury. This course will take three weeks to complete, and will certify you to be a trainer nationally in Canada. The next step consists of two different areas; it is recommended that you take both courses. The first is the Individual training certificate. This course teaches you interpersonal skills, and the best possible environments for personal training, and goes further into safety. This course is $215 dollars and runs for two weeks. The second area that is recommended to take is the strength-training course. This course is closely related to the last one, that is why it is recommended. The cost is the same as the last one, $215 dollars. This course goes further into detail in how muscles grow and heal. The course also introduces new exercises to promote strength and endurance. The final certificate you must complete, in order to achieve the minimum requirements is the Personal Trainers certificate. The cost of the course is $300 dollars and runs for 3 weeks. This course reviews what you have already learned as well as teaching you how to write a program that would best suit your client. After you have completed all of these courses you will have to take a final exam which consists of a written part and a trial session where a certified trainer will act as your client, and you will go though all the stages of being a personal trainer to show the teacher that you are a competent trainer and that you have proper safety techniques. The final cost to be certified as a personal trainer in British Columbia is $1075 dollars, and it will take around three months to complete depending on how fast you complete the courses. After you have been certified you can continue to increase your knowledge and upgrade your qualifications. It would be beneficial to your career if you updated and took some other related courses that would improve your knowledge of the human body. First aid is a recommended course that you take so that you will be prepared for an accident if one where to happen. Also taking nutrition course would be a good idea to help you with your clients if they wish to lose weight. Not only that but being a certified trainer as well as a certified nutritionist would look very good on a resume. The benefits of being a personal trainer is that you don't have to do it full time. Many trainers have other fulltime jobs, or go to school and

Explore the Evaluating internationalization theory of Johanson and Vahlne The WritePass Journal

Explore the Evaluating internationalization theory of Johanson and Vahlne Introduction Explore the Evaluating internationalization theory of Johanson and Vahlne IntroductionReferences:Related Introduction The term Internationalization is significant for the firms, but the knowledge of the companies which are new in this global market is quite limited. Now days we all listen and read a lot of things about Internationalization and globalization, but what these terms exactly mean? ‘‘Internationalization is basically planning and implementing the products or services in other countries according to local habits and choice, and it is quickly changing economic landscape, with growing supply of science and technology. (Kim, Daekwan, journal of international marketing, 2010)This essay is to determine acceleration of internationalization and how it affects organization, Economy, and customers, also identify and analyse factors that attracts company towards internationalization, based on incremental and knowledge based internationalization process (by Johanson and vahlne 1977) In economical terms expansion of business in international market is called as Internationalization, but there is no particular definition for it, it is very important for a company to understand the pattern of Internationalization, where the Internationalization comes after ‘‘stage approach in which company starts selling their products in home countries’’ and once settled in the market expands in different countries. (Elgar, Edward (2003). Learning in the Internationalisation Process of Firm) According to Uppsala Internationalization Model, by Johanson and vahlne,â€Å"Enterprise gradually increases its international involvement†, which means the company that plans to expand internationally first enters in neighboring countries, where the political systems, culture and language is not very different, known as ‘‘psychic distance’’.   Once company gains knowledge and experience to work in different country then it can gradually approach new market, according to this view, we get two different types knowledge one objective and other experience based, company initially starts with occasional export and then once settled in the market gradually enters in regular exports, Johanson and vahlne, consider the experience based knowledge to be more relevant, they says that ‘‘to built and understand commitments it is important to discover and make opportunities by involving other companies in their business’’. A firm process like ‘‘rings in the water’’ it is not only that firm settles business in home country but it expands in other countries steps by step. This stage model it identify four stages which are taken by a company for internationalization, 1. A company do not prefer regular export; 2.this export is done through an agent, 3.believes in offshore productions, 4. The offshore sales are not very important. Since many years companies are committing themselves to internationalization, even though it give easy availability of labour and growth in market and other opportunities, it is not a very easy process. When any country expands in other than their home country they need to understand the national as well as commercial culture, company must understand the reason of the cultural barriers (if any).this stage model theory can help company to gain vital information and resources. Joint venture also comes under Internationalization in some cases, as many big companies when enters new country it is been observed that they prefers to start in joint venture, for example. Walmart being world’s largest retail industry opened their first international store in Mexico in joint venture with Cifra, and they implemented this strategy in UK starting in joint venture with ASDA both these companies were the best retailers in their respective countries, and for almost every new country they started, this was the main strategy. Another example is, Finnish SME’S (small and medium enterprises). Study shows that some companies in Finland apply Uppsala internationalization model by first starting business in Sweden and then expanding in other countries, which helped them to expand smooth and steadily . So before internationalization a company needs to understand company’s world wide which can help them for further expansion. Keeping all these factors in mind I feel that the stage model theory by Johanson and Vahlne, can help a company to understand every aspect of internationalization, and before taking any step further, company will get time to think over their decisions which will prevent firm from facing any huge loss. Even though Uppsala internationalization theory by Johanson and Vahlne (stage model) do not cause any loss for any firm, it is being applied in some companies and also been avoided by some. It is said that this stage approach seems to be very parsimonious, and it has also been challenged and criticized about the data being limited to Scandinavian market. It was also questioned about theoretical validity about stage model and it claims that the theory has unnecessary repetition of the same statement and focus only on market knowledge, (Andersen 1993). There are also some studies which contradicts stage model, as many companies which do not follow stage model for internationalization, and their profit is much quicker than explained and expected by stage model. According to study of ‘‘OECD 1997 (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)’’ the stage model was unable to explain different pattern use for internationalization or the early international expansion of the companies which is also known as ‘‘born global’’ (That is when company expands internationally from the beginning and do not follow any steps), ( FRONTIERS OF E-BUSINESS RESEARCH 2004). These particularly argue and appose incremental internationalization. The study of 87 US states shows that a company prefer to take risk than applying stage model, these ‘born global’ firms are most of the time technology based, and rises questions on stage model. It has not been proved that a company must have market knowledge to be successful internationally; concept of psychic distance was also accused as it is observer that many companies go for the risk where they can increase number of foreign market and gain profit. As we know, With time views and demands changes, and same applies with stage model theory, even though it is not harmful for any organization to expand or to take any decisions in steps, but now a days this theory is not considered to be a best way of expansion, though internationalization is considered to be complex and involves may dimensions it is accepted by many companies these days. There are many reasons for company to go international, the basic reason is growth or expansion, but companies also expand internationally for alternative source of employees, resources, ideas etc. Born global companies are â€Å"a business organization that, from inception, seeks to derive signiï ¬ cant competitive advantage from the use of resources and the sale of outputs in multiple countries† (Oviatt McDou- gall, 1994, p. 49). This born global concept was carried out in 1997, data was collected for some medium size Danish firms and the study proved that these born global firms had maximum foreign sale which was around 70%. Today Company seeks internationalization or rather to be born global more than before, ‘‘it is due to the fast growing economic integration and independency of countries worldwide’’. There are many companies that began their business with the traditional approach but now they follow born global strategies in business. For example Nokia which is a communication corporation (mobile manufacturer) is Finland based company but serves worldwide, with annual revenue more than $42 billion from their international market, and $2 billion, do not apply stage model theory and is one of the loved brand in India. Emirates airlines which is one of the latest airlines in middle east, this airline operates one of the worlds non-stop commercial flights, a very good example of a company which totally implements born global strategy. Emirate airline has a very attractive business model, which is a key factor for company’s international growth. with great emphasis on quality company has also moved into resorts and tourism space, as 2004 it was one of the highest profits earning company. (Gang, yu. 1997 operation research in the airline industry) Australian export manufacturer small and medium size firms are on the top list of the born global companies, they have proved that it is not impossible to succeed internationally without an established domestic base. These companies didn’t achieve their success in steps but they are born global. Their growth rate is growing 25percent throughout five years. There are many examples in favour of born global concept, but some companies still believe in stage model due to some financial losses faced by them in internationalization, for example Starbucks as they closed 200 shops in US due to loss. Even though we have entered a stage where there is very less cross border trade barriers and due to transportation and telecommunication it is not very convenient to go global. With all of this information discussed above, we understand that internationalization is a long and demanding process, which needs management and resources to be successful in market. A company needs to be totally committed   towards their resources as the degree of commitment is higher the more resources are expected and if not then there will be a risk of shut down, there has to be a different business model to understand international market. In born global concept there may occur some cross culture issues, language barriers especially for small firms. Being born global a firm needs to consider, huge financial back up, which is not practically possible for a small firm, and franchising may result in less control and there is always risk about maintaining quality. (Branding capability of technology born gl obal, 27th June 2010) There are advantages and some disadvantages in the theories, Johanson and Vahlne (stage model) and born global concept.   according to stage model theory a company should expand step by step, which will help company to understand the market conditions, cultural differences, and then expand in countries which are physically not very far,(geographically near). Which sounds fare enough, because any company whether it is small, medium or huge in size do not want to face any loss. On other hand with rapid growth in internationalization every company is trying to be global. Some of them are born global firms, where firm starts business internationally from beginning or within two years, without any practical knowledge about the market. This may or may not lead to success. Conclusion: From the above discussion about internationalization which is been discussed in two parts, Johanson and Vahlne (stage model) and born global concept   with reference to many journals ,I understand that   accelerating   economy, technology, information, manufacturing process ,and global competition are forcing companies for internationalization and is considered to be one of the most important factor to grow in industry. Considering both stage model and born global model can built a good foundation for a company. Application of stage model will give knowledge about the market, time to understand the culture, company can learn from their competitor’s mistakes, foreign business drawbacks and opportunities can be gained by other firms experience, it is very important especially for a small firm because it is been observer that when a small firm enters global market it faces more loss than any profit. As being a global company it involves huge amount of investment. Since it takes time to gain knowledge about international business environment it will be a slow n steady process but on other hand where new market conditions demands fast growth and quick internationalization, if a company want to star as born global, it needs to study all these points which affects growth of business. If a company starts analysing market conditions before entering global market it can prevent them from facing cultural, technological and overall issues which can affect sale. So combining both the theories together in a convenient way for every individual company, keeping market knowledge, history, demands, environment, culture, language in mind a company can built a strong foundation even in international market. I strongly believe that if conditions of knowledge and experience specified in Uppsala model is considered before being born global company can be at the top in international market. References: Ruey,J. And Kim,b. (2010), Drivers and Performance Outcomes of Relationship Learning for Suppliers in Cross-Border Customer–Supplier Relationships, journal of international marketing, Vol. 18 Issue 1, (pg.63-85) Kalev, K. (2010). Understanding accelerated internationalization, integrating theories for analysis for internationalization path. Economics Management,(pg 556-561) Caniana,D. Internationalization of the firm: stage approach vs. global approach Gianpaolo Baronchelli, PH.d. in Marketing for Business Strategy,University of Bergamo, Faculty of Economics, Department of Business Administration.Bergamo,ITALY Internationalization Strategies of Emerging Markets Firms, California Management Reviewz2010, Vol. 53 Issue 1, p114-135, 22p, Johanson Wiedersheim-Paul (1975), Johanson Vahlne (1977). Learning in the internationalization process of firms (2009) (pg.  261). 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